Who Owns Your Dinner? a Discussion of America’s Patented Genetically Engineered Food
نویسنده
چکیده
he United States Code provides that “a live human-made micro-organism is patentable,” and further provides for issuance of patents to persons who invent or discover new or useful “manufacture” or “composition of matter;” microorganisms constitute “composition of matter” or “manufacture” within meaning of the code. Thus, since the landmark 1980 Supreme Court case Diamond v. Chakrabarty, thousands of patents on living organisms have been granted to genetically modified food products for human consumption. This Note will briefly introduce patent law and its application to genetically engineered living organisms in the courts, analyzing critical case law from Diamond v. Chakrabarty to the present. Furthermore, this Note will describe the process of genetic engineering and how it is used in our American food crops, as well as current regulatory procedure regarding these foods. Part II will introduce the genetic engineering seed giant Monsanto, whose aggressive patent protection and sizeable market share of genetically engineered seeds has greatly affected and transformed American crops. Part III will introduce AquaBounty’s genetically modified salmon, currently awaiting approval from the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) to
منابع مشابه
Who Owns Your Dinner? A Discussion of America's Patented Genetically Engineered Food Sources, and Why Reform is Necessary
متن کامل
Influence of Matric Potential on Survival and Activity of Genetically Engineered Ralstonia eutropha H850Lr
Although the application of biodegradative genetically engineered micro organisms (GEMs) for bioremediation is very promising, the risks of their release should be assessed before their introduction into the environment. Lux-marked Ralstonia eutropha H850Lr (formerly Alcaligenes eutrophus H850Lr) was introduced into sterile and non-sterile soil microcosms at matric potentials ?2.11, ?30, ?750, ...
متن کاملFishy Business: Genetic Engineering and Salmon Aquaculture
The AquAdvantage salmon is poised to become the world’s first genetically engineered animal for human consumption. It is a patented fish created and owned by a leading aquaculture technology corporation. The species has been genetically altered so that the fundamental traits and characteristics of an Atlantic salmon are blended with an eel-like species called the ocean pout and a salmon native ...
متن کاملCytochrome C and Caspase-3/7 are Involved in Mycophenolic Acid-induced Apoptosis in Genetically Engineered PC12 Neuronal Cells Expressing the p53 Gene
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is the active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil. This study designed to investigate the mechanism of cytotoxicity of MPA on the genetically engineered PC12 Tet Off (PTO) neuronal cells with p53 gene. Alamar Blue (AB) reduction showed concentration-dependent cytotoxicity of MPA on PTO cells with IC50 value of 32.32 ± 4.61 mM. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation...
متن کاملTrait selection and welfare of genetically engineered animals in agriculture.
The release of the Final Guidance from the US Food and Drug Administration on the commercialization of genetically engineered animals has sparked renewed discussion over the ethical, consumer, and regulatory implications of transgenesis in animal agriculture. Animal welfare critiques have focused on unexpected phenotypic effects in animals used in transgenic research, rather than on the health ...
متن کامل